%!PS % Gonzo PS Powerpoint emulation example: PV lecture % ========================================== % by Don Lancaster % Copyright c 2002 by Don Lancaster & Synergetics, Box 809, Thatcher, AZ, 85552 % (928) 428-4073 Email: don@tinaja.com Website: http://www.tinaja.com % Consulting services available http://www.tinaja.com/info01.html % Linking welcome. Reposting expressly forbidden. % All commercial rights and all electronic media rights ~fully~ reserved. % Linking usually welcome. Reposting expressly forbidden. Version 1.1 % Shows how most PowerPoint functions can be created from raw PostScript % with significant speed, size, appearance, and web distribution advantages. % To use, modify features and content as desired, resave as a standard ASCII % textfile to a new name and send to Acrobat Distiller to generate a PDF file. % IMPORTANT NOTE: Don Lancaster's file gonzo.ps is required for this program. % After obvious location mods, uncomment ONE of the following two lines: (C:\\Documents and Settings\\don\\Desktop\\gonzo\\gonzo.ps) run % use internal gonzo % (A:\\gonzo.ps) run % use external gonzo % NOTE THAT ALL PS FILENAME STRINGS !!!DEMAND!!! DOUBLE REVERSE SLASHES. % GONZO20A Guru Gonzo PostScript power tools (Interim release) % Includes gonzo justification and layout utilities. % Copyright c 1990, 1996, 2001 by Don Lancaster and Synergetics, Box 809, % Thatcher Arizona, 5552 (928) 428-4073 don@tinaja.com support % via http://www.tinaja.com All commercial rights and all electronic % media rights **FULLY** reserved. Reposting is expressly forbidden. /guru { gonzo begin ps.util.1 begin printerror nuisance begin} def % guru % activate gonzo utilities %%%%%%%%%%% links menu directory %%%%%%%%%%%% % This code locks pdfmark commands out of a PostScript printer. /pdfmark where {pop}{userdict /pdfmark /cleartomark load put} ifelse % /surl "start url" marks the beginning of a text sequence to be urled. % It also paints the text blue... /surl {mark /blue cvx 0.33 /setgray cvx % change text to blue /currentpoint cvx % remember box start /urly /exch cvx /store cvx /urlx /exch cvx /store cvx ] cvx % complete deferred command printlist exch 3 index exch put % stuff into gonzo printlist exch 1 add exch % increment gonzo list count } def /su {font3 surl} def % shorthand % /eurl "end url" unmarks the end of a text sequence and sets up % the pdfmark needed to define the Acrobat web link. /eurl {mark % start deferred proc exch % position url string % /black cvx 0 /setgray cvx % turn blue marker off % maintextcolor /setrgbcolor cvx % reset to main text color??? /aqua cvx /black cvx /makeurl cvx % defer call of url builder ] cvx % complete deferred proc printlist exch 3 index exch % stuff into gonzo printlist put exch 1 add exch % increment gonzo list count } def % /makeurl generates the pdfmark, receiving a {(urlstring) makeurl}. % Note that it is not called until formatted printlist time... /urlover 0.2 def % fraction of hot area over bounds /makeurl { /cururlname exch store % save the url string mark % start pdfmark currentfont /ScaleMatrix get 3 get /fsize exch store % guess height /Rect [ urlx fsize urlover mul sub % set box left x urly fsize urlover mul sub % set box left y currentpoint exch fsize urlover mul add exch fsize add ] /Border [ 0 0 0] % [0 0 0 ] = none; [0 0 2] = debug /Color [ .7 0 0 ] /Action <> /Subtype /Link /ANN % annotation type pdfmark % call pdf operators } def % /makeurlx generates the box specific pdfmark, receiving % a {(urlstring) makeurl}. % Note that it is not called until formatted printlist time... /makeurlx { /cururlnamex exch store % save the url string mark % start pdfmark /Rect [ xpos % set box left x ypos 0.9 sub % set box left y xpos 2.8 add % box right x ypos 0.9 sub 2.8 add % box right y ] /Border [ 0 0 0] % [0 0 0 ] = none; [0 0 2] = debug /Color [ .7 0 0 ] /Action <> /Subtype /Link /ANN % annotation type pdfmark % call pdf operators } def % dictionary method << %zzzzz /newthermo (http://www.johnsonems.com/jhtec.html) /wikithermoelectric (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect) /newnano (http://www.gizmag.com/researchers-developing-solar-technology-that-works-at-night/8574/) /googlenanoantenna (http://www.google.com/search?q=solar+nanoantennas&sourceid=mozilla-search&start=0&start=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official) /currentmetalloradical (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080217170412.htm) /sciencemetalloradical (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5334/1953) /sciencenewsquantumdot (http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20060603/bob8.asp) /googlequantum (http://www.google.com/search?q=quantum+dot+solar&sourceid=mozilla-search&start=0&start=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official) /ricetetrapod (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070502143631.htm) /solyndra (http://www.solyndra.com/) /miasole (http://www.miasole.com/) /iset (http://www.isetinc.com/) /heliovolt (http://www.heliovolt.net/) /daystar (http://www.daystartech.com/) /globalsolar (http://www.globalsolar.com/) /firstsolar (http://www.firstsolar.com/) /nanosolar (http://www.nanosolar.com) /decade (http://www.tinaja.com/whtnu06.asp#decades) /loanamort (http://www.hsh.com/cgi-bin/flap.cgi?prin=10000&int=9.00&term=8&strt=Jan&stry=2008&full=No&ppay) /muse153.pdf (http://www.tinaja.com/glib/muse153.pdf) /trashelc.pdf (http://www.tinaja.com/glib/trashelc.pdf) /energfun.pdf (http://www.tinaja.com/glib/energfun.pdf) /morenrgf.pdf (http://www.tinaja.com/glib/morenrgf.pdf) /whtnu08.asp (http://www.tinaja.com/whtnu08.asp) /info01.asp (http://www.tinaja.com/info01.asp) /mindist1 (http://www.tinaja.com/glib/mindist1.pdf) /magsn01 (http://www.tinaja.com/magsn01.asp) /msinprop (http://www.tinaja.com/glib/msinprop.pdf) /info01 (http://www.tinaja.com/info01.asp) /homepage (http://www.tinaja.com) /maildon (mailto:don@tinaja.com) >> {mark exch /eurl cvx ] cvx def} forall % color emphasis /tinton1 {mark 0.25 0.25 0.25 /setrgbcolor cvx] cvx printlist exch 3 index exch put exch 1 add exch} def /tinton1a {mark 0.5 /settint cvx 0.33 /setgray cvx] cvx printlist exch 3 index exch put exch 1 add exch} def /tinton1r {mark 0 /settint cvx 0.33 /setgray cvx] cvx printlist exch 3 index exch put exch 1 add exch} def /tintoff {mark 0 /setgray cvx] cvx printlist exch 3 index exch put exch 1 add exch} def /to {tinton1 font3} store % tinton emphasis /tx {tintoff font1} store % tintoff /staytint {0.25 0.25 0.25 setrgbcolor} store % grayout /staytint1r {0 settint 0.25 setgray} store % red /staytint1a {0.5 settint 0.33 setgray} store % aqua %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% parameter dictionary %%%%%% /slideshowdict << % this dictionary determines the slide sequence /oldsequence [ /an_introduction_to_magic_sinewaves /magic_sinewaves_are /magic_sinewave_features /and_limitations /magic_sinewave_appearance /working_in_quadrants /typical_unfiltered_spectrum /typical_unfiltered_spectrum_FLASH /magic_sinewave_generation /note_that /two_important_magsine_types /key_magsine_secret_I /key_magsine_secret_II /key_magsine_secret_III /fourier_pulse_properties /the_magic_equations /equation_simplification /equation_solution % /amplitude_adjustment % deleted by new calculator /quantization /clocking_frequencies /how_big_should_n_be /for_additional_help /this_has_been ] pop pop %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /gridsize 10 store % default layout grid size = 10 /slidewide 44 pop 50 % total display width in grid units /slidehigh 33 pop 40 % total display height /borderwide 2.5 % width of white vertical edges /borderhigh 2.5 % width of white horizontal edges /includeborder false % provide white border? /normalbackground /burpbackmain % name of main background proc /introbackground /burpbackintro % name of intro background proc /fontsused /burpfonts % name of font set used /patstrings /burppatstrings % name of patterns used /titx 6 % x grid position of title /tity 28.75 9 add % y grid position of title /bodx 6 pop 8 % x grid position of body /body 28 % y grid position of body /ivoryrndcolor [230 230 205 40] % random pattern colors [red blue green variance ] /magentarndcolor [230 100 230 120] /magentaaccent [0.65 0.05 0.65 ] % title accent slash color [red blue green] >> def slideshowdict begin % open slide show dictionary %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% style catalogs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % burp is a mottled gray body with random magenta splotch and stripe /burpfonts { /cstretch 0.010 store /sstretch 0.010 store /kern 0.1 store /font0 /StoneSans-Bold 1.8 gonzofont % body titles /font1 /StoneSerif 1.35 gonzofont % normal body /font2 /StoneSerif-Bold 1.20 gonzofont % boxed subseries /font3 /StoneSerif-Bold 1.35 gonzofont % bold body /font4 /StoneSerif-Bold 1.25 gonzofont % smaller font3 for numerals /font5 /StoneSerif-Bold 1.85 gonzofont % oversize for math /font6 /StoneSans-Bold 2.8 gonzofont % titleslide oversize /font8 /StoneSerif-Bold 1 gonzofont % fine print copyright /font9 /ZapfDingbats 1.05 gonzofont % black boxes /font: /StoneSerif-Bold [2 0 0 2 0 -.5] gonzofont % special math * /font; /StoneSerif-Bold [1.4 0 0 1.4 0 .9] gonzofont % fake degrees * /titlefont {font0 }store % define title font /bodyfont {font1} store % defint body font /bodysubfont {font2}store % define bodysubfont /bodytxwide {/txtwide 35.5 store}store /bodyyinc {/yinc 2 store} store } store /burpbackmain { includeborder {borderwide 10 mul borderhigh 10 mul}{0 0} ifelse gridsize setgrid % set grid scale save /snap1 exch store % show the body background bodypatdict matrix % Identity matrix makepattern % Instantiate the pattern /bodypat exch def 0 0 % for the actual slide size slidewide slidehigh /Pattern setcolorspace bodypat setcolor rectfill % Fill rectangle with pattern snap1 restore save /snap1 exch store % show the accent accentpatdict matrix % Identity matrix makepattern % Instantiate the pattern /accentpat exch def 0 slidehigh 13.5 sub 5.5 add % splotch size 4.5 13.5 /Pattern setcolorspace accentpat setcolor rectfill % Fill rectangle with pattern snap1 restore % black outline black line1 0 0 slidewide slidehigh 0.0 setgray rectstroke % Stroke original black outline % accent lines gsave magentaaccent aload pop setrgbcolor 0.7 setlinewidth 1 setlinecap 2 27.5 8.5 add mt slidewide 4.5 sub r % 0 setlinecap 0 27.5 mt 3 r 0.45 setlinewidth 1 setlinecap slidewide 13 sub 2.5 mt 12 r % slidewide 2.5 mt 0 setlinecap 2 l grestore fontsused cvx exec % set fonts for normal slide by name } store /burpbackintro { includeborder {borderwide 10 mul borderhigh 10 mul}{0 0} ifelse gridsize setgrid % set grid scale save /snap1 exch store % show the body background bodypatdict matrix % Identity matrix makepattern % Instantiate the pattern /bodypat exch def 0 0 % for the actual slide size slidewide slidehigh /Pattern setcolorspace bodypat setcolor rectfill % Fill rectangle with pattern snap1 restore save /snap1 exch store % show the accent accentpatdict matrix % Identity matrix makepattern % Instantiate the pattern /accentpat exch def 5.5 16.5 33 6 add 12 /Pattern setcolorspace accentpat setcolor rectfill % Fill rectangle with pattern snap1 restore % black outline black line1 0 0 slidewide slidehigh 0.0 setgray rectstroke % Stroke original black outline % accent lines gsave magentaaccent aload pop setrgbcolor 0.35 setlinewidth 1 setlinecap 1 setlinejoin /overshoot 1.2 store % 5.5 16.5 0.8 sub mt 13.6 pu -.8 -.8 rlineto 34.6 6 add pr % -.8 .8 rlineto 13.6 pd .8 .8 rlineto 34.6 6 add pl closepath stroke 5.5 16.5 overshoot sub mt 12 overshoot 2 mul add pu overshoot neg dup rlineto 33 6 add overshoot 2 mul add pr overshoot neg overshoot rlineto 12 overshoot 2 mul add pd overshoot dup rlineto 33 6 add overshoot 2 mul add pl closepath stroke 0.35 setlinewidth 1 setlinecap 1 setlinejoin 0 3 mt 12 pr 3 pr 1.4 pu 20 pr 2.8 pd 20 pl 1.4 pu 1.4 pd 20 pr 1.4 pu 12 pr 3 pr stroke grestore fontsused cvx exec % set fonts for normal slide by name } store /burppatstrings { ivoryrndcolor buildpixels makeimagestring /bodypatstring exch store magentarndcolor buildpixels makeimagestring /accentpatstring exch store } store %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% pattern utilities %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /DeviceRGB setcolorspace % pick color model /hpixels 50 store % size of pattern image /vpixels 50 store /issize hpixels vpixels mul store % makestring converts a stack top array into a string... /makestring {dup length string dup /NullEncode filter 3 -1 roll {1 index exch write} forall pop} def % /buildpixels makes three nearby colors given [r b g texture] all 0-255 integers /buildpixels {aload pop /texture exch store /b0 exch store /g0 exch store /r0 exch store 123 srand /r1 r0 texture random texture 2 div sub add cvi dup 255 ge {pop 255}if dup 0 lt {pop 0} if store /g1 g0 texture random texture 2 div sub add cvi dup 255 ge {pop 255}if dup 0 lt {pop 0} if store /b1 b0 texture random texture 2 div sub add cvi dup 255 ge {pop 255}if dup 0 lt {pop 0} if store /r2 r0 texture random texture 2 div sub add cvi dup 255 ge {pop 255}if dup 0 lt {pop 0} if store /g2 g0 texture random texture 2 div sub add cvi dup 255 ge {pop 255}if dup 0 lt {pop 0} if store /b2 b0 texture random texture 2 div sub add cvi dup 255 ge {pop 255}if dup 0 lt {pop 0} if store /r3 r0 texture random texture 2 div sub add cvi dup 255 ge {pop 255}if dup 0 lt {pop 0} if store /g3 g0 texture random texture 2 div sub add cvi dup 255 ge {pop 255}if dup 0 lt {pop 0} if store /b3 b0 texture random texture 2 div sub add cvi dup 255 ge {pop 255}if dup 0 lt {pop 0} if store } store % /makeimagestring creates a sting usable for a pattern image /makeimagestring { 12345 srand % make repeatable /iarray mark issize { r1 g1 b1} repeat ] store % fill all with color 1 issize 2 div cvi { iarray issize % fill half with color 2 random 3 mul cvi [ r2 g2 b2 ] putinterval} repeat issize 2 div cvi { iarray issize % fill third with color 3 random 3 mul cvi [ r3 g3 b3 ] putinterval} repeat iarray makestring } store % /rndimage shows the random string as a patternable image /bodyrandimage { gsave 5 dup scale << % start image dicationary /ImageType 1 % always one /Width hpixels % width in pixels /Height vpixels % height in pixels /ImageMatrix [hpixels 0 0 vpixels neg 0 vpixels ] /DataSource bodypatstring % proc to get string data /BitsPerComponent 8 % color resolution /Decode [0 1 0 1 0 1] % per red book 4.10 >> image % call the image grestore } def /accentrandimage { gsave 5 dup scale << % start image dicationary /ImageType 1 % always one /Width hpixels % width in pixels /Height vpixels % height in pixels /ImageMatrix [hpixels 0 0 vpixels neg 0 vpixels ] /DataSource accentpatstring % proc to get string data /BitsPerComponent 8 % color resolution /Decode [0 1 0 1 0 1] % per red book 4.10 >> image % call the image grestore } def % using a separate pattern dictionary for each pattern... /bodypatdict << /PatternType 1 % Tiling pattern /PaintType 1 % Colored /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 50 50] /XStep 5 /YStep 5 /PaintProc { begin bodyrandimage end} >> store /accentpatdict << /PatternType 1 % Tiling pattern /PaintType 1 % Colored /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 50 50] /XStep 5 /YStep 5 /PaintProc { begin accentrandimage end} >> store % /makepatternstrings generates the needed patterns /makepatternstrings { [230 210 190 80] buildpixels makeimagestring /accentpatstring exch store [230 100 230 120] buildpixels makeimagestring /bodypatstring exch store } store %%%%%%%% end pattern utils %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% service utilities %%%%% /makeslideshow {setupshow sequence { save /snapxx exch store cvx exec showpage snapxx restore} forall } store /settitle { titlefont gsave 0.25 0.25 0.25 setrgbcolor titx exch tity exch cl grestore} store /setbody { bodyfont bodytxwide bodyyinc bodx exch body exch cl} store % /setupshow first locks out pdfmark from a printer, then sets % the page mode. /setupshow { /pdfmark where {pop}{userdict /pdfmark /cleartomark load put} ifelse [/CropBox [0 0 slidewide includeborder {borderwide 2 mul add} if gridsize mul slidehigh includeborder {borderhigh 2 mul add} if gridsize mul ] % set the wierd size /PAGES pdfmark [ {Catalog} << /ViewerPreferences << /FitWindow true /CenterWindow true >> /PageLayout /SinglePage % no rolling /Pagemode /FullScreen % fullscreen if not on web /View [/XYZ null null 1 ] % force 100% >> /PUT pdfmark % then makes background pattern strings ONCE for later access patstrings cvx exec % get patterns from style area } def %%%%%% background generators %%%%%%%% /setbackground { normalbackground cvx exec } store % link selected background /settitlebackground { introbackground cvx exec } store % xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx marker %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Main Sequence Directory %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /sequence [ ( /Energy_Intro /True_False_1 /True_False_2 /True_False_3 /Gotcha! /Some_People_I /Some_People_II /Work_is /BTU_is /Temperature_quality /Delivery_Costs /Amortization /Net_Source /Thermo_Guarantees /Gasoline_vs_Dollars /Two_Position_Switch /Energy_Density /NRG_Density_List /Which_Density? /Why_Gasoline? /Why_not_Ethanol? /Why_not_Hydrogen? /Efficiency /All_you_Need /More_Formally /Beware_the_Mantra /Exergy_I /Exergy_II /Key_Point /Other_Problems /On_Board /On_Board_Summary /Fuel_Cells /Which_Subsidy_I /Which_Subsidy_II /Rooftop ) pop ] store %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%% individual slide data %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /Energy_Intro { settitlebackground 1 1 1 setrgbcolor /yinc 3 store slidewide 2 div 23 (|6An Energy Fundamentals\nIntro and Summary|j|j) cc 0.25 0.25 0.25 setrgbcolor /yinc 2 store slidewide 2 div 11 (|3By Don Lancaster \nand Synergetics) cc slidewide 2 div 2.65 (|4 |/su http://www.tinaja.com|/homepage |j|j|j) cc } store /True_False_1 { setbackground (True or False? (I)) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|9n|4 Gasoline has less hydrogen in it than liquid |j hydrogen does. |h |t|9n|4 Fuel cell cars are "much more efficient" than regular ones. |h |t|9n|4 Silicon pv panels are a net energy source. |h |t|9n|4 On-board car electrolysis dramatically improves fuel economy. |h |t|9n|4 Exergy is not important because you have never |j heard of it. |h |t|9n|4 Corn is an excellent ethanol feedstock. |h |t|9n|4 Grid, wind, pv or alternators are all very good hydrogen electrolysis sources. ) setbody } store /True_False_2 { setbackground (True or False? (II)) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|9n|4 Amortization dollars and kilowatt hours of electrical production are unrelated. |h |t|9n|4 An electrical kilowatt|j|jhour will have the same quality and value as a hydrogen one. |h |t|9n|4 "Brown's Gas" is a revolutionary new technology being suppressed by the oil companies. |h |t|9n|4 There are no economics of scale to pv solar energy; small and personal is better. |h |t|9n|4 Since energy cannot be created or destroyed, its quality always remains constant. |h |t|9n|4 Compact fluorescent lamps are always more efficient than incandescent ones. |h ) setbody } store /True_False_3 { setbackground (True or False? (III)) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|9n|4 The main purpose of pv panels is to go offgrid. |h |t|9n|4 Alternate energy subsidies have proven to be extremely cost effective. |h |t|9n|4 "Temperature" measures the quantity of heat stored. |h |t|9n|4 Energy density by weight is the most important criteria for automotive apps. |h |t|9n|4 Terrestrial hydrogen is an energy source. |h |h ) setbody } store /Gotcha! { setbackground (Gotcha!) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|4 |h|/staytint1a |9|4 ( ALL of the above statements are outright lies! ) |h ) setbody } store /Some_People_I { setbackground (Some People\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|4 |h |9|4 \274will do ANYTHING to save the environment. |h|/staytint1a |9|4 ) setbody } store /Some_People_II{ setbackground (Some People\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|4 |h |9|4 \274will do ANYTHING to save the environment. |h|/staytint1a |9|4 \274 EXCEPT take a science course! ) setbody } store /Work_is { setbackground (Work and Energy\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|h|3|t|9n|4 WORK happens when a FORCE moves through a DISTANCE. |h |t|9n|4 Work is sometimes measured in FOOT POUNDS. |h |t|9n|4 ENERGY is the ability to do work. |h |t|9n|4 Energy is sometimes measured in BTU's of heat, as Joules (or wattseconds) or as watthours of electricity. |h |t|9n|4 POWER is the TIME RATE of energy use. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 Energy measures "how much". Power measures "how fast". ) setbody } store /BTU_is { setbackground (BTU's and Kilowatt Hours\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|9n|4 A |/tinton1a BRITISH THERMAL UNIT|/tintoff or BTU is the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. |h |t|9n|4 Or roughly the energy in one kitchen match. |h |t|9n|4 A BTU equals 777 foot pounds of work. This is the |/tinton1a MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT|/tintoff . |h |t|9n|4 A |/tinton1a KILOWATT HOUR|/tintoff is 3,600,000 Joules. Or use of a 100 watt light bulb for ten hours. Or an average week's use of a microwave oven. Or running up stairs continuously for five hours. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 Or about TEN CENTS worth of electricity. |h ) setbody } store /Temperature_quality { setbackground (Some Temperature Basics\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|9n|4 BTU's measure the QUANTITY of heat energy. |h |t|9n|4 Temperature measures heat energy QUALITY. |h |t|9n|4 Efficiency DEMANDS high quality energy. |h |t|9n|4 TEMPERATURE SCALES differ in their values for absolute zero, freezing, and boiling\274 |h|/staytint1a FAHRENHEIT ( -459, 32, 212 degrees ) RANKIN ( 0, 491, 691 degrees ) CELSIUS ( -273, 0, 100 degrees ) KELVIN ( 0, 273, 373 degrees ) |h|/black |t|9n|4 RANKIN or KELVIN has to be used for heat engine efficiency calculations. |h ) setbody } store /Delivery_Costs { setbackground (An energy delivery system\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal ( |h|3|t|9n|4 \274usually has three major costs\274 |h|/staytint1a |t |9n|4 The cost of the FEEDSTOCK. |h |t |9n|4 The cost of the DELIVERY SYSTEM. |h |t |9n|4 The cost of the AMORTIZATION. |/black |t|9n|4 Typically, delivery and amortization costs will totally dominate. Often making a "free" energy feedstock source noncompetitive. |h ) setbody } store /Net_Source { setbackground (Easily confused are\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|3|t|9n|4 ENERGY SOURCES - A substance or process ( such as gasoline ) that can add fully burdened |/tinton1a net|/tintoff new BTU's of energy to the economy. |t|9n|4 ENERGY CARRIERS - A substance or process ( such as hydrogen ) that has to be "filled" with old net energy before it can deliver. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 Without exception, ALL energy carriers will consume more old energy than they return. |h|/black |t|9n|4 ENERGY SINKS - A substance or process ( such as today's pv or corn ethanol ) that uses much more net old energy than it delivers. ) setbody } store /Thermo_Guarantees { setbackground (Thermodynamics tells us\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|9n|4 \274that any economy will be ultimately driven by its net energy inputs. |h |t|9n|4 Obviously, no energy = no economy. |/staytint1a |t|9n|4 DOLLAR - A voucher exchangeable for the the personal use and control of 10 electrical kilowatt hours or 30 gasoline kilowatt hours. |/black |t|9n|4 UTILITY BUYBACK AGREEMENTS - contractually equate currently dimes and kilowatt hours as being interchangeable and fungible. |h |t|9n|4 You can keep score either way. |h ) setbody } store /Gasoline_vs_Dollars { setbackground (Gasoline versus dollars\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|9n|4|/staytint1a It can be useful to think of "spending dollars" as "spending gasoline". |h|/black |t|9n|4 A solar panel that amortizes three cents a day but generates only two is a net energy sink. |h |t|9n|4 Taken in their totality, all pv solar panels to date are a large net energy sink. |h |t|9n|4 An energy sink that will get worse as new dollars are thrown at emerging technologies. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 Thus, not one net watthour of conventional silicon pv energy has ever been produced. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Proof of this is that not one power utility is yet using pv for routine peaking. ) setbody } store /Two_Position_Switch { setbackground (The Magic Switch\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|h|3|t|9n|4 There is a two position power switch on most any pv panel to date\274 |h |t|9n|4 In position "a", you destroy a lot of gasoline. |h |t|9n|4 In position "b", you destroy even more. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 All the incoming solar energy does is reduce your loses. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Taken in their totality, all pv solar panels to date are a large net energy sink. ) setbody } store /Energy_Density { setbackground (Two Ways to Measure Energy Density\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|t|9n|4 GRAVIMETRIC energy density asks "How heavy?" |h|/staytint1a |t |9n|4 Gravimetric energy density can be measured in watthours per kilogram. |/black |h |t|9n|4 VOLUMETRIC energy density asks "How big?" |h|/staytint1a |t |9n|4 volumetric energy density can be measured in watthours per liter. ) setbody } store /NRG_Density_List { % name of textfile: muse.fig.152.1 energy densities % ............................ save /snap1 exch def electronics begin 25 38 translate % position in box 2 dup scale -85 -26 10 setgrid % 30 30 showgrid /cstretch 0.02 def /sstretch 0.0 def /kern 0.1 def /yinc 1.1 def /font0 /Helvetica-Bold [1 0 0 1 0 -0.2] gonzofont /font1 /Helvetica 0.85 gonzofont /font4 /Helvetica 0.7 gonzofont /font3 /Helvetica-Bold 0.90 gonzofont /font2 /Helvetica-Oblique 0.75 gonzofont /font5 /Helvetica-Bold [2 0 0 1.4 0 0] gonzofont /font6 /Helvetica [2 0 0 1.4 0 0] gonzofont /font7 /Helvetica [0.6 0 0 0.6 0 -.3] gonzofont /font8 /Symbol 0.9 gonzofont /font6 /Symbol 0.75 gonzofont /font3 /StoneSans-Bold 0.9 gonzofont /font: /Helvetica [0.75 0 0 0.75 0 .4] gonzofont /tabs [8 14 ] def aqua /grayshade 0.8 store % temp??? 8 1.5 16 add mt 2 pu 23.5 pr 2 pd closepath grayshade 0.35 sub setgray fill 8 1.5 mt 16 pu 19 pr 16 pd closepath grayshade setgray fill 17 1.5 mt 16 pu 14.5 pr 16 pd closepath grayshade dup 1 ne {0.15 sub} if setgray fill black font3 0.25 setgray 18.5 18.3 ( ENERGY |j|jDENSITY |j|jCOMPARISONS ) cc black font1 10 16 (Gasoline |t9000 Wh/l |t13,500 Wh/Kg LNG |t7216 Wh/l |t12,100 Wh/Kg Propane |t6600 Wh/l |t13,900 Wh/Kg Ethanol |t6100 WH/l |t7,850 Wh/Kg Liquid H2 |t2600 Wh/l |t39,000* Wh/Kg 150 Bar H2 |t405 WH/l |t39,000* Wh/Kg |h Lithium |t250 Wh/l |t350 Wh/Kg Flywheel |t210 Wh/l |t120 Wh/Kg Liquid N2 |t65 Wh/l |t55 Wh/Kg Lead Acid |t40 Wh/l |t25 Wh/Kg Compr Air |t17 Wh/l |t34 Wh/Kg STP H2 |t2.7 Wh/l |t39,000* Wh/Kg |h |t|t|: *|j=|juncontained ) cl end ypos snap1 restore /ypos exch def } def /Which_Density? { setbackground (Which Density is Important?) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|3|t|9n|4 FOR DEEP SPACE, gravimetric energy density can be crucial because of specific impulse. |h |t|9n|4 For AUTO and terrestrial aps, volumetric energy density overwhelmingly dominates. |h |t|9n|4 Tripling the gravimetric energy density of gasoline saves about 26 pounds of weight. Which might be nice, but is no big deal. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 You always have to consider the CONTAINED gravimetric energy density. No means of storing hydrogen is know that is remotely as dense by weight as contained gasoline. ) setbody } store /Why_Gasoline? { setbackground (Why Gasoline?\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|h|3|t|9n|4 Gasoline ( and diesel ) have exceptional energy density combined with low cost and acceptable standards of safety and delivery. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 Any alternative solution MUST seek parity somewhere near 9000 watthours per liter. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Like it or not, gasoline is likely to remain the de facto standard of energy density comparison for the foreseeable future. |h |t|9n|4 The best of lithium batteries are 36 TIMES larger than gasoline. Standard lead acid batteries are 200 times larger AND heavier. ) setbody } store /Why_not_Hydrogen? { setbackground (Why Not Hydrogen?\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|y|y|3|t|9n|4 Hydrogen is ONLY an energy carrier. You have to fill it with old energy before you can use it. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 There is more hydrogen in a gallon of gasoline than there is in a gallon of liquid hydrogen. |h|/black |t|9n|4 The CONTAINED energy density of hydrogen by weight is much LESS than gasoline. Energy density by volume is a 3000:1 ludicrous joke. |h |t|9n|4 No vehicle practical means of increasing hydrogen density is known. Liquid hydrogen raises major efficiency and safety issues. |h |t|9n|4 The explosive range of hydrogen is among the widest known. It is ignitable with extremely low spark energy and burns invisibly. ) setbody } store /All_you_Need { setbackground (Secrets of Thermodynamics\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal ( |h |3|t|9n|4 There ain't no free lunch. |/staytint1a |t |9n|4 You cannot win. |t |9n|4 You cannot break even. |t |9n|4 Everything eventually goes to hell in a handbasket. ) setbody } store /More_Formally { setbackground (Or, more formally\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|y|h|t|9n|4 Energy normally flows from hot to cold. |h |t|9n|4 You have to input much more heat energy to a heat engine than you recover as work. |h|/tinton1a |t|9n|4 The best you can possibly do is the |/tinton1a CARNOT |/tinton1a LIMIT|/tintoff set by the absolute temperature ratio. Specifically: |/tinton1a (Th - Tl)/Th|/tintoff |4. Or |/tinton1a (Delta T)/Th|/black . |h|/black |t|9n|4 Good thermodynamics is REVERSIBLE. Meaning that it works equally well in either direction. |h |t|9n|4 An |/tinton1a ADIABATIC|/tintoff reversible process kicks off or accepts no external heat energy. |h |t|9n|4 An |/tinton1a ISOTHERMAL|/tintoff reversible process takes place at constant temperature. ) setbody } store /Beware_the_Mantra { setbackground (Beware the Mantra\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|y|t|9n|4 |/tinton1a "Energy can neither be created nor destroyed" is a true but woefully misleading statement. |h |t|9n|4 Because the QUALITY and FOCUS of energy will decline with each and every use. You have a three legged stool consisting of\274 |/staytint1a |t |9n|4 ENERGY - which is the capability of doing work. |h |t |9n|4 ENTROPY - which is a statistical measure of the disorder of the present energy form. |h |t |9n|4 EXERGY - which is an economic measure of the quality of the present energy form. ) setbody } store /Exergy_I { setbackground (Understanding Exergy\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|h|t|9n|4 Exergy is a measure of the QUALITY and UTILITY of energy in its present form. |h |t|9n|4 Specifically, exergy measures the recoverable and reversible energy fraction remaining. |h |t|9n|4 To measure exergy, you convert energy to some other form, convert it back, and see how much you have left. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 Loss of exergy is destructive and permanent. It can be similar to 1:1 exchanging US Dollars for Mexican Pesos. ) setbody } store /Exergy_II { setbackground (Avoiding value destruction\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|y|t|9n|4 Electricity is just about the highest exergy stuff there is. |h |t|9n|4 The exergy in gasoline can be around one-third that of electricity. Because it is hard to build a gasoline generator above 33 percent efficiency. |h |t|9n|4 Electrical resistance room heat is an example of terribly wasted exergy. Natural gas or heat pumps are often 3X to 5X less destructive. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 Electrolysis from high value electrical sources ( grid, wind, pv, or alternator ) for hydrogen makes no thermodynamic or economic sense. ) setbody } store /Key_Point { setbackground (A key point being that\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal ( |/tinton1a |3|t|9n|4 The irreversible destruction of exergy through electrolysis is ludicrous. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 There ALWAYS will be more intelligent things to do with the electricity. ) setbody } store /Other_Problems { setbackground (Other Problems with Electrolysis Fantasies\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|y|t|9n|4 A switchmode voltage-to-current controller is demanded for efficiency. |h |t|9n|4 Stainless steel is unusable for electrodes because of the hydrogen overvoltage of iron. Costly and often renewed platinized platinum is needed. |h |t|9n|4 It is trivially easy to UNDER MEASURE pulse waveforms. Specialized tests are demanded. |h |t|9n|4 A large body of pseudoscience |/tinton1a "electrocity" ignores Faraday's laws. There is no "water powered car". |h |t|9n|4 Safety and embrittlement issues are extreme. ) setbody } store /On_Board { setbackground (Why in-vehicle electrolysis doesn't work\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|h|y|t|9n|4|/staytint1a The primary product produced is low grade heat, forming a DYNAMIC BRAKE that stops the vehicle in less than normal coasting distance. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Standard automotive alternator efficiency is very low. Engine load increases faster than increasing alternator output. |h |t|9n|4 Only trivial amounts of power can be routed through a standard fanbelt. |h |t|9n|4 Most product designs are uselessly inefficient. Stainless steel can NOT be used for electrodes. Crucial current switchmode drivers are absent. |h |t|9n|4 Costs overwhelmingly outweigh the benefits. ) setbody } store /On_Board_Summary { setbackground (An on-board vehicle electrolysis summary\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal ( |3|t|9n|4 Before the stupid mistakes are made, the numbers do not add up by a country mile. |h |/staytint1a |t|9n|4 After the stupid mistakes are made ( such as stainless steel, a fanbelt, outrageous costs, but no switchmode driver ), |/su the numbers|4|/trashelc.pdf become laughingly absurd. ) setbody } store %%%%%%%% need moved /Efficiency { setbackground (Efficiency\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|h|y|t|9n|4 Efficiency is a measure of how much energy you get back for a net energy input. |h |t|9n|4 Efficiency can be measured several ways\274 |h|/black |t |9n|4 |/tinton1a RAW EFFICIENCY|/tintoff -- strict energy output versus energy input as measured in a lab. |h |t |9n|4 |/tinton1a FULLY BURDENED|/tintoff -- the efficiency after amortization and direct costs. |h |t |9n|4 |/tinton1a SOCIETAL|/tintoff -- the efficiency after allowing for all hidden factors. |h |t|9n|4 "Efficacy" is a more correct term when input and output energy forms are different. ) setbody } store /Why_not_Ethanol? { setbackground (Why not Ethanol?\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal ( |3|h|y|t|9n|4 Ethanol is a water-loving polar solvent and thus a very poor choice for a fuel. |h |t|9n|4 Ethanol from corn is horribly energy inefficient and can easily become a net energy sink. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 A case can be made that corn ethanol is an outrageous 15 billion dollar vote buying scam of zero technical or environmental merit. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Switchgrass or Bagasse (sugar cane residue) may have potential as ethanol feedstocks. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Ethanol fires resist many firefighting foams. ) setbody } store /Amortization { setbackground (Amortization\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|y|t|9n|4 Amortization is the timed payment of earlier financed value. Here is a |/su calculator|1|/loanamort . |h |t|9n|4 For instance, $10,000 at 9 percent for 8 years amortizes at $146.50 per month. |h |t|9n|4 Paying cash in advance makes no difference because of the |/tinton1a excluded opportunity costs. |h |t|9n|4 Having value left when payments are completed is simply |/tinton1a accelerated depreciation. |h |t|9n|4 There are no differences between institutional financing, personal savings, or hobbies. ) setbody } store /Fuel_Cells { setbackground (What About Fuel Cells?) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|h|t|9n|4 A fuel cell is an electrolysizer run backwards. |h |t|9n|4 Max possible efficiency is one-sixth exothermic. |h |t|9n|4 Motor, controller, and wiring losses further limit efficiency. As does fuel reformation and being unable to use the fuel's carbon fraction. |h |t|9n|4 Serious issues remain with membrane lifetimes, total costs and system reliability. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 Fuel cells are unlikely to EVER significantly exceed conventional efficiencies. Meanwhile, the ICE is improving at a much faster rate. ) setbody } store /Which_Subsidy_I { setbackground (Which subsidy do you prefer?) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|h|y|t|9n|4 The |/tinton1a OLD CALIFORNIA|/tintoff model in which virtually all of the paybacks went into boiler shop scams that set pv back by many decades. |h |t|9n|4 The |/tinton1a NEW CALIFORNIA|/tintoff model in which it may take |/su FIFTY THREE YEARS|4|/decade of total pv net new energy production to pay the debt. |h |t|9n|4 The |/tinton1a TORONTO|/tintoff model in which they hand pushed and coasted their nonworking hydrogen bus into a major media event. Where, of course, it was lavishly praised for its silent operation. |h |t|9n|4 The |/tinton1a ARIZONA|/tintoff model in which you were given a free SUV for installation of a one gallon tank. |h ) setbody } store /Which_Subsidy_II { setbackground (Or these?) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|y|t|9n|4 The |/tinton1a DETROIT|/tintoff model where their bus demos are trucking hydrogen in from Pittsburgh. |h |t|9n|4 The |/tinton1a MIDWEST|/tintoff model where a monumental energy sink was cleverly disguised as a twelve billion dollar vote buying scam. |h |t|9n|4 The |/tinton1a SOUTH CAROLINA|/tintoff model where they added a five ton evaporative cooler to get their 3 ton but nonworking solar adsorption cooler to look good. |h |t|9n|4 The |/tinton1a BRAZIL|/tintoff model that nearly bankrupted the entire country over monumental ethanol stupidity. ) setbody } store /Rooftop { setbackground (Because\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal ( |/staytint1a |3|t|9n|4 It makes zero environmental or economic or thermodynamic sense to pay people to put obsolete and known defective gasoline destroying net energy sinks on wildly inappropriate rooftops. ) setbody } store % /Why_not_Ethanol? % /Amortization % /Which_Subsidy_I % /Which_Subsidy_II % /Fuel_Cells % pvpvpvpvpv marker /sequence [ /PV_Intro /Bottom_Line /Subsidies_Hurt /Incoming /Efficiencies /Breakeven_Parity /But /New_Opportunities /Helper_Technologies /Some_Players /Alternate_Solutions /Economics_Scale /Grid_Supreme /For_More_Detail /This_has_been ] store /PV_Intro { settitlebackground 1 1 1 setrgbcolor /yinc 3 store slidewide 2 div 23 (|6PV Photovoltaic Panel\nIntro and Summary|j|j) cc 0.25 0.25 0.25 setrgbcolor /yinc 2 store slidewide 2 div 11 (|3By Don Lancaster \nand Synergetics) cc slidewide 2 div 2.65 (|4 |/su http://www.tinaja.com|/homepage |j|j|j) cc } store /Bottom_Line { setbackground (The Bottom Line\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|h|y|t|9n|4 To date, pv photovoltaics cost way too much. Causing them to remain a net energy sink. |h|/staytint1a |t|9n|4 Present costs are around EIGHT DOLLARS per peak watt. TWENTY FIVE CENTS per peak watt is needed to become a major net energy source. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Today, the amortization of the synchronous inverter alone in some home installations can consume 150 percent of the value of all the pv electricity sent through it. |h |t|9n|4 Not one power utility is yet using pv for fully burdened peaking free of subsidies, writeoffs or greenie pr. ) setbody } store /Subsidies_Hurt { setbackground (Subsidies Hurt Rather Than Help\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|y|t|9n|4|/staytint1a It makes no economic or environmental sense whatsoever for subsidies that pay people to put obsolete known defective gasoline destroying net energy sinks on inappropriate rooftops. |h|/black |t|9n|4 If anything, such subsidies lock the wrong people into doing all the wrong things in the wrong ways. Plus subsidy funding sets back net pv energy breakeven by many decades. |h |t|9n|4 It will take many years after a quarter per watt is reached to pay for all the previous pv energy sink consumption. ) setbody } store /Incoming { setbackground (Incoming\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|/staytint1a |3|y|t|9n|4 At its very best, incoming solar energy will be around 1000 watts per square meter. |h|/black |t|9n|4 This incidence must be derated for angular mismatch, percent cloud cover, latitude, time of day, effective area, and season. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Tracking is often not useful as its complexities and costs can easily outweigh its benefits. Concentration can be even less beneficial. |h |t|9n|4 Solar energy is an extremely diffuse resource. Total energy density and real-world time availability often ends up disappointingly low. ) setbody } store /Efficiencies { setbackground (Efficiencies\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|/staytint1a |3|y|t|9n|4 The best available pv system conversion efficiency at its synchronously converted grid output terminals is often about ten percent. |h|/black |t|9n|4 A kilowatt of peak pv electrical power needs at least ten square meters of active panel. |h|/black |t|9n|4 A panel that produces one kilowatt of power at noon is likely to produce only 5 kilowatt hours of energy during a full day. |h |t|9n|4 It might take |/tinton1a THREE TO FIVE|/tintoff peak pv watts to match |/tinton1a ONE|/tintoff conventional coal, oil or nuclear peak watt. ) setbody } store /Breakeven_Parity { setbackground (Breakeven Parity\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|/staytint1a |3|y|t|9n|4 A utility's Avoided Cost Peaking can be taken as a maximum reasonable price to pay for an alternative net energy system. |h|/black |t|9n|4 At a dime per kilowatt hour peaking, about |/tinton1a ONE DOLLAR PER PEAK WATT|/tintoff can be a magic number for serious net energy pv production. |h|/black |t|9n|4 That is the |/tinton1a TOTAL SYSTEM COST|/tintoff , including the synchronous inverter, all labor and shipping, amortization, and all related lifecycle expenses. |h |t|9n|4 PV Panel costs would have to approach |/tinton1a FIFTY |/tinton1a CENTS|/tintoff per peak watt to support such a system. ) setbody } store /But { setbackground (But\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|/staytint1a |3|y|t|9n|4 It makes no economic or environmental sense to sell a dime's worth of conventional peaking energy and then use that dime to buy the same amount of solar pv generated energy. |h|/black |t|9n|4 All you have is some "paint it green" nuclear or oil or coal equivalent |/tinton1a TRANSFER PAYMENTS. |h|/black |t|9n|4 To |/tinton1a DISPLACE|/tintoff traditional sources, solar pv simply has to provide |/tinton1a NEW NET ENERGY. |h |t|9n|4 Thus, |/tinton1a TWENTY FIVE CENTS|/tintoff per peak watt panel cost in today's dollars is a more likely goal for long term pv solar net energy viability. ) setbody } store /New_Opportunities { setbackground (New Opportunities\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|/staytint1a |3|y|t|9n|4 Conventional silicon pv is unlikely to ever become a net energy source. It is thus clearly a sucker bet. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Emerging technologies involving |/tinton1a CIGS|/tintoff thin films |/tinton1a ( Copper - Indium - Gallium - Selenide ) appear to be able to reach a quarter per peak watt cost levels. Doing so in mile long rolls. |h |t|9n|4 Such panels are now being shipped but remain on a steep learning curve fraught with peril. |h |t|9n|4 Nearly all production is going to utilities rather than to end users. |h ) setbody } store /Helper_Technologies { setbackground (Helper Technologies\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|y|t|9n|4 Quarter per peak watt CIGS is being helped along by these compatible developments\274 |h|/black |/su QUANTUM DOTS \320|4|/googlequantum By going to nanoscale quantum dots, above-workfunction energy can be used to knock loose one or more additional electrons. Thus dramatically improving short wavelength efficiency. |h |/su TETRAPODS \320|4|/ricetetrapod These unique nanoscale four legged structures can be used to tune a workfunction independent of its semiconductor makeup. Which can further optimize cell wavelength efficiencies. ) setbody } store /Some_Players { setbackground (Some Players\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|h|t|9n|4 A few of the leading CIGS developers include\274 |/black |t|9|4 |/su Daystar|/daystar |t|9|4 |/su First Solar|/firstsolar |t|9|4 |/su Global Solar|/globalsolar |t|9|4 |/su HelioVolt|/heliovolt |t|9|4 |/su International Solar|/iset |t|9|4 |/su Miasole|/miasole |t|9|4 |/su Nanosolar|/nanosolar |t|9|4 |/su Solyndra|/solyndra ) setbody } store /Alternate_Solutions { setbackground (A Few Further Out Possibilities\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|3|y|t|9n|4 Alternate pv approaches may include\274 |h|/black |/tinton1a |/su METALLORADICALS |k\320|4|/sciencemetalloradical |kApplying the process used by plants for photosynthesis. Five linked processes involve organic maganese clusters. |h |/tinton1a |/su NANOANTENNAS \320|4|/googlenanoantenna Solar "crystal sets" that work directly at light frequencies. Antennas have recently been solved; rectifiers remain. |h |/tinton1a |/su BETTER THERMOELECTRICS \320|4|/newthermo Direct solid state conversions of light energy to electricity. Efficiencies have recently improved bunches, but still have a long way to go. ) setbody } store /Economics_Scale { setbackground (Economies of Scale Remain important\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|/staytint1a |3|h|y|t|9n|4 Although not as utterly overwhelming as in coal or nuclear, pv economics of scale are highly compelling and will likely dominate. |h|/black |t|9n|4 Power utilities have incredible buying power combined with the ability to guarantee full production quotas, insure safety, and standardize products. |h |t|9n|4 For most individuals, |/tinton1a leasing|/tintoff panels from a utility makes more sense than ownership. |h |t|9n|4 A pv energy farm needs very little water. Which makes larger ones a perfect match for Government and Indian lands in the arid and largely cloud free American West. ) setbody } store /Grid_Supreme { setbackground (Why the Power Grid will Remain Supreme\274) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|/staytint1a |3|h|y|t|9n|4 No known means of pv solar electricity storage is remotely as cheap, as simple, as effective, as efficient, as low in equipment demands, as safe, or as reliable as synchronous inversion to the public power grid. |h|/black |t|9n|4 The peak afternoon pv solar generation is often a good match to costly peak power demands of the public power utility grid. |h |t|9n|4 PV grid "storage" can be thought of as a super efficient |/tinton1a electricity to coal converter. When pv solar is synchronously returned to the grid, the pile of coal outside the baseline power plant does not diminish as rapidly. ) setbody } store /For_More_Detail { setbackground (For More Detail:) settitle /tabs [0 0 0 ]store % 4 is normal (|h|3|y|t|9n|4 This has been a summary of these tutorials\274 |h |/surl SOME ENERGY FUNDAMENTALS|4|/energfun.pdf |/surl MORE ENERGY FUNDAMENTALS|4|/morenrgf.pdf |h |t|9n|4 More on electrolysis can be found at\274 |h |/surl MUSE153.PDF|4|/muse153.pdf |/surl TRASHELC.PDF|4|/trashelc.pdf |h |t|9n|4 Ongoing energy developments are viewed at\274 |h |/surl WHAT'S NEW 08|4|/whtnu08.asp |h |t|9n|4 Custom consulting is available by way of\274 |h |/surl Our INFOPACK Research Service|4|/info01.asp ) setbody } store /This_has_been { setbackground /newyinc {/yinc 1.25 store /xpos xpos 1 sub store} store (This has been\274) settitle ( \274|j|ja presentation by Don Lancaster and |/to Synergetics|/tx , 3860 West First Street, Box 809, Thatcher, Arizona, 85552. (928) 428-4073. |h |/su mailto:don@tinaja.com|1|/maildon |h |h|/staytint1r |/newyinc |8Copyright c 2008 and earlier by Don Lancaster and Synergetics. Linking usually welcome. All media, web, and ALL other rights fully reserved. Mirroring or reposting is expressly forbidden.) setbody } store %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Actual generator %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% makeslideshow % this does it all % EOF